Una serie de eventos desafortunados en anestesia
Palabras clave:
muerte, anestesia, perioperatorio, complicaciones, anestésicos, pacientes.Resumen
Durante esta Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura-RSL, se expondrán los principales eventos
desafortunados que acompañan el acto anestésico, siendo esta, una posible causal de complicaciones y secuelas a largo plazo o inclusive la muerte. Durante la lectura de esta revisión, se destacará, por ejemplo, el uso de betabloqueadores en el periodo perioperatorio para pacientes con un riesgo moderado o alto (mayor al 5%) y su relación con eventos cardiovasculares. Asimismo, se discutirá cómo la limitación de estados hipervolemicos en cirugía abdominal puede disminuir el dolor y las complicaciones asociadas, además, de proporcionar otra alternativa a los opioides en el manejo del dolor posoperatorio (POP), incluir manejos multimodales.
La definición de un evento crítico en anestesia es compleja, pues no se limita a eventos cardiorrespiratorios que necesariamente lleven al paro cardiaco: se trata, por el contrario, de
incidentes de distintas etiologías que terminan en un evento adverso (1),(2) pero, cuando se aplican algoritmos apropiados de manejo, pueden determinar la diferencia entre la vida y la muerte del paciente.
La anestesia se considera en la actualidad un procedimiento relativamente seguro, pero los
errores que se pueden cometer durante su implementación pueden tener consecuencias graves.
En base a estudios recientes se considera que se presenta una muerte relacionada a la anestesia por cada 200,000 a 300,000 procedimientos anestésicos. El incidente crítico se define como un evento que puede condicionar lesión en el enfermo si no es detectado y corregido de manera temprana y oportuna. (3)
Citas
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